I was thinking about stacking ensembles (stacked generalization) in the sauna. Stacked ensembles overfit, so we need to regularize. Generally, we use cross-validation to ensure that the meta model is fit on out-of-fold predictions. This is to avoid data leakage, but we could say it has a “regularizing” effect. For reference, here’s how that works via claude sonnet 3.5 (light editing from me): Let me explain how the meta-model in stacked generalization is fit using cross-validation: ...

Prompts for LLMs matter, a lot. I’m no expert at prompting (see this), but there are additional input tokens that offer a lot of leverage in producing better output. For example: think through this step by step And: As an expert in [this specific topic] explain [this thing i want to know] And: Output in bullet points And: Explain [this specific topic] for the audience [described here] And on. This might be an older idea (e.g. gpt3.5/gp4 - where my thinking is probably stuck), these sequences are probably baked in now. ...

I tripped over the concept of “Conceptual Blending” (thanks Kat). From wikipedia: According to this theory, elements and vital relations from diverse scenarios are “blended” in a subconscious process, which is assumed to be ubiquitous to everyday thought and language. Again related back to ensembles/multiple perspectives, connected to the bag of analogies thinking from the other day. The best presentation of the idea is the book “The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and The Mind’s Hidden Complexities” by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. ...

LLMs, or models like them, are going to start giving us artifacts that we cannot (easily) comprehend. We’ve been in this boat for a while, first with stochastic optimization algorithms (the classic nasa evolved antenna), and later with automated theorem proving. Algorithms optimize for an objective solution and we get a thing that looks like it solves the problem we want, but it’s opaque (strange, large, complex, etc.). This came to mind because of a tweet the other day (January 20 2025) by George Hotz. ...

LLM prompts matter. The quality and nature of the prompt influences the quality and nature of the response. There is a space of candidate input prompts and a corresponding map of LLM responses, some of which are better/worse for whatever problem we are working on. We can frame a black box optimization problem that proposes and tunes candidate prompts for an LLM to optimize a target response. In effect, we would be finding good/better starting points in latent space from which to retrieve the desired output. ...

I was listening to a recent episode of the Machine Learning Street Talk podcast (a very fine podcast!). Specifically: How Do AI Models Actually Think?, Laura Ruis. Fantastic episode! Just great. I need a re-listen. Early in the conversation they touch on (I’m paraphrasing, probably wrongly) whether LLMs think/reason as Douglas Hofstadter suggests, abstracting via a collection of analogies. It’s agreed they do. The host touches on Hofstadter’s often repeated quote: ...

Use it or loose it. We used to do manual labor which had the dual benefit of getting the things we needed (hunt->food, work->money, etc.) and keeping us in reasonable physical (and mental) condition. No longer for many of us, so our bodies atrophy. To fight the entropy, many of us go to the gym. We simulate the labor we used to do in order to keep our bodies in good condition and reap the rewards (energy, look/feel better, longer life, etc.). ...

The hard part of stochastic optimization is the evaluation function. You get whatever you’re optimizing-for or toward and it’s always a trade-off, even if you can’t see it at first. This got me thinking, there must be tons of problems that we cannot optimize easily because we don’t have good (cheap) fitness functions where we could use an LLM to step in. I know I’ve read papers on something like this in the openendedness literature. ...

I was reading Perdurabo about Aleister Crowley. In his youth he was accomplished mountain climber and the book touches on a suite of his climbing achievements in the early chapters. This got me thinking. Mountain climbing is a challenging hobby where the climbers “collect” peaks. That is, they pick hard maintains to climb, that may or may not have been climbed by others, and climb them for fun. It is about personal accomplishment. ...

I’ve probably read Ayn Rand’s The Fountainhead about a dozen times over the years. I’m not really into the philosophy of Objectivism, but I’m a fan of the individualism in the story. Really, I’m a sucker for simple hero stories (think Ender’s Game, Dune, etc.) Not sure I’ll read the book again for a while. It’s comforting to re-read, but I’ve had enough for now. Anyway, there’s a scene that I think back on often. ...