Thinking more about “Useful Not True”.
It occurs to me that this idea is known by many different names across many different fields.
I was thinking about instrumentalism and the placebo effect.
But chatting with chatgpt shows many more (obvious in retrospect).
Here are some:
🧠 Psychology & Cognitive Science Cognitive Reframing / Cognitive Restructuring Changing the way you interpret events so your emotional and behavioral responses are more helpful. (CBT uses this heavily.) Placebo Effect A belief that isn’t objectively true (“this sugar pill heals me”) still triggers real, measurable benefits. Positive Illusions Term from psychology for mildly inaccurate self-beliefs (“I’m more capable than average”) that improve motivation, health, and resilience. Adaptive Denial Temporarily refusing to believe a discouraging truth to maintain hope and action (often studied in trauma and recovery). Self-Deception as Strategy Evolutionary psychology suggests humans deceive themselves so they can more convincingly influence others. 📚 Philosophy Pragmatism (William James, John Dewey, Richard Rorty) A belief is “true” if it works in practice — if it leads to successful action. James explicitly said: “Truth is what is useful to believe.” Instrumentalism From philosophy of science: theories don’t need to be true, only useful for prediction (e.g., Newtonian physics is “wrong” but incredibly useful). Fictionalism We act as if certain things exist (numbers, morals, nations) even if they don’t, because the fiction organizes life productively. Noble Lie (Plato, Republic) Myths or beliefs that may not be literally true but hold society together and motivate virtue. 📖 Literature, Religion & Myth Myth as Metaphor Stories in religion/mythology are not “true” literally but serve moral, cultural, or existential functions. Suspension of Disbelief (Coleridge) Temporarily accepting something you know isn’t true so you can immerse and benefit from the story. Similar to adopting useful beliefs. Faith as Pragmatic In some religious traditions, belief is valuable not for truth claims but for shaping conduct and community. 💼 Business & Performance Visionary Fictions Entrepreneurs hold “unrealistic” beliefs about what’s possible — beliefs not objectively true yet — which motivate innovation. Growth Mindset (Carol Dweck) Believing “ability can always improve” may not be objectively true in every domain, but it drives persistence and better outcomes. Fake It Till You Make It Acting as if you already are something (confident, disciplined, skilled) even if it’s not true — until it becomes closer to true. 🎲 Game Theory & Evolution Credible Commitment Through Self-Deception Sometimes it’s useful not to know the truth so your actions are more convincing to others (e.g., bluffing in poker, signaling in negotiations). Evolutionary Adaptive Illusions Some inaccurate perceptions (e.g., overestimating control, optimism bias) improve survival and reproduction. 🌱 Modern Self-Development Useful Beliefs (Chris Helder) — literally a motivational framework named after the same principle. Affirmations — self-statements you may not believe yet, repeated until they shape behavior and identity. “As If” Principle (Richard Wiseman) — act as if you already feel/are something, and your psychology often follows. I’ve done enough marketing to not dismiss all this out of hand.
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